Bruxism is a medical condition where people grind or clench their teeth involuntarily. It can happen during waking hours or during sleep at night. Caused by a variety of physical and psychological disorders, bruxism can impact one’s long-term health and often requires treatment.
Bruxism is classified based on timing and etiology. Depending on when people grind their teeth, they may have awake bruxism or sleep bruxism. People with awake bruxism tend to clench their teeth frequently, which leads to jaw pain and headaches.
Sleep bruxism is less common but more dangerous and is characterized by episodes of teeth grinding and clenching during sleep. Since people don’t realize they’re grinding their teeth while they’re sleeping, the force of their jaw movement may reach as much as 250 pounds.
Bruxism is also classified based on its cause. Primary bruxism develops as a result of certain independent factors, like dental problems, stress, and drug use. For example, almost half of all young children develop bruxism when their teeth are growing.
In adults, stress is one of the most common causes of bruxism. Alcohol and caffeine intake are associated with a higher risk of bruxism, as is smoking.
Secondary bruxism is caused by preexisting conditions. Neurological disorders like Huntington’s disease, mental disorders including depression and anxiety, and sleep apnea can cause teeth grinding. Bruxism may also occur as a side effect of certain medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Studies show that Zoloft and Prozac are the most common SSRIs linked to teeth grinding.
Symptoms of bruxism include unexplained dental damage (such as loose or chipped teeth), facial and neck pain, tense jaw muscles, and headaches. If not managed properly, bruxism can lead to harmful long-term sequelae over time.
With frequent teeth grinding, enamel gradually erodes, which results in tooth sensitivity. Additionally, the tooth structure may change, becoming flattened, loose, or fractured. Bruxism is also correlated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, which causes painful, limited jaw movement.
During the dental examination, dentists may notice signs of tooth deformity and overactivity-induced enlargement of the jaw muscles, which may lead to a bruxism diagnosis. Doctors may request an overnight sleep study to observe patients suspected of sleep bruxism.
Treating bruxism involves lifestyle changes, medication, and jaw exercises. One of the most impactful treatments is the use of a mouth guard. Mouth guards act as barriers between both jaws, protecting teeth from the harmful effects of grinding.
Reducing stress is an important lifestyle change that can help bruxism patients manage their condition better. Managing stress in a healthy way through mindful meditation and a balanced lifestyle can also be beneficial.
Since teeth grinding damages them, it is recommended that bruxism patients avoid hard foods like nuts or candies. They should also abstain from chewing gum, which can promote more grinding. Cutting down on coffee and alcohol and quitting smoking may help reduce teeth grinding. Facial exercises and massage can also help relax the jaw to ease unwanted tension.
